Udinga izisombululo eziqinileyo kwiimeko ezinzima. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Oku kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kuweiintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayoKwiindawo ezinzima, i-316LIintambo zeCable zeStainless Steelukubonelela ngokuqina nokusebenza okungenakuthelekiswa nanto.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Iintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-316LInika ukhuseleko olungcono kumhlwa kune-304 okanye i-321 ties. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-316L inesithako esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-molybdenum.
- KhethaIintambo ze-316L zokubopha kwiindawo ezinzimanjengamanzi anetyuwa, izityalo ezineekhemikhali, okanye iindawo ezishushu kakhulu. Zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zigcina izinto zikhuselekile.
- Ukusebenzisa iintambo zekhebula ze-316L konga imali ngokuhamba kwexesha. Akufuneki zitshintshwe rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza iinkqubo zakho zithembeke kwaye zikhuseleke ngakumbi.
Ukumelana Nokugqwala Okungalinganiyo kwe-316L kwiintambo zeCable zeNsimbi Engagqwaliyo Ezizivalelayo
Ufuna izixhobo eziqinileyo kwiindawo ezinzima. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inika ukumelana nokugqwala okungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Oku kuyenza ilungele wenaiintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayo.
Indima yeMolybdenum ekuQinisekisweni kokuQina
I-Molybdenum yinto ebalulekileyo kwi-316L. Le ngxubevange iqulethe malunga ne-2% ye-molybdenum. Olu longezo luphucula kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwemigodi. I-Molybdenum yonyusa ukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi kwaye iphucula ifilimu engasebenziyo. Inciphisa iziphumo ze-oxidizing kwaye inciphisa ukuqhekeka kwefilimu engasebenziyo. I-Molybdenum yonyusa amandla okugqwala kunye nokubuyiselwa kwakhona. Ikwanciphisa izinga lokunyibilika elibalulekileyo kwizisombululo ze-chloride ezine-acidified. Ukubalwa kwe-Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) kubonisa impembelelo enkulu ye-molybdenum kukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi xa kuthelekiswa ne-chromium.
Ukusebenza Okugqwesileyo Kwiindawo Ezityebileyo zeChloride
Udinga izixhobo ezisebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezinzima. I-316L igqwesile kwiindawo ezityebileyo nge-chloride. Umzekelo, kwi-6M hydrochloric acid, intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L engenanto ibonise izinga lokugqwala eliphantsi ngokuphindwe kalishumi kune-bareIntsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-304Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo ugxininisa indima ye-molybdenum. Iphucula ukumelana nokugqwala kwaye iphucula inkqubo yokungadluli.
Ukuthintela Ukuqhekeka Kweengxangxasi Nokuqhekeka Kweengcango
Ulwakhiwo olulodwa lwe-316L luthintela ukubola kwemingxuma kunye nemingxunya. Olu hlobo lokubola lunokonakalisa ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Umxholo we-molybdenum wenza umaleko ozinzileyo ngakumbi. Lo maleko umelana nokuhlaselwa kwendawo. Uqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kunye nokhuseleko lwezicelo zakho.
I-316L vs. 304: Kutheni i-316L ingcono kakhulu kwiintambo zekhebula ezizitshixayo
Udinga izixhobo ezisebenza rhoqo kwiimeko ezinzima. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo ngaphezu kwe-304, ingakumbi xa ijongene neemeko zokubola. Iimpawu zayo eziphuculweyo zenza ukuba ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwiimfuno ezinzima.
Ukunyamezela Iimeko Ezinzima Zokugqwala
Ufuna izixhobo ezimelana neemeko ezinzima. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L ihlala ingcono kune-304 kwiindawo ezirhabaxa. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olukhethekileyo lubonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu.
| Uphawu/Indalo | Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo engama-316L | 304 Intsimbi Engagqwaliyo |
|---|---|---|
| Ukumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi | Igqwesile kwiindawo ezishushu (zaselwandle, zamakhemikhali, kwezonyango) | Igqwesile kakhulu kwimozulu eqhelekileyo; ukumelana okuncinci namanzi axineneyo e-chloride |
| Ukugqwala kwePitting | Isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekulweni nokugqwala kwemingxuma; iyamelana nokugqwala kwemingxuma ukuze i-chloride ibe yi-1000 ppm. | Ingabangela ukuqhekeka kwamanzi axineneyo ngekloridi |
| Ukonakala kweCrevice | Iqinisekisa ukumelana okuphezulu kokubola kwe-crevice | Ingabangela ukubola kwekroba emanzini axineneyo e-chloride |
| Umxholo weMolybdenum | Iqulethe i-molybdenum, ekhuthaza ukuxhathisa ukugqwala | Ayinayo i-molybdenum |
| Iindawo ezifanelekileyo | Iindawo ezinetyuwa okanye ezineasidi, iikhemikhali ezinamandla, amanzi anetyuwa, ulwelo lomzimba | Iimeko ezibuthathaka, ii-asidi ezibuthathaka (ukumelana okuncinci) |
Uyayibona inzuzo ecacileyo ye-316L. Inika ukumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinzima. Ufumana ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwimingxunya kunye nokugqwala kwemingxuma. Oku kubalulekile ukuze ihlale ixesha elide.
Cinga ngeendawo ezine-asidi. I-AISI 316L P/M ibonisa ukumelana okukhulu nokugqwala kune-AISI304L P/Mkwizisombululo ze-sulfuric kunye ne-phosphoric acid. Nangona iisampulu ze-powder metallurgical (kuquka i-304L kunye ne-316L P/M) zinokuhlaselwa kakhulu kwi-sulfuric acid enamandla (25 kunye ne-50 wt%), i-316L isabonisa ukusebenza okungcono.
Kwi-hydrochloric acid (6M HCl), i-316L SS egqunywe nge-coated ibonisa uphuculo olumangalisayo oluphindwe kangama-60. Oku kungafani kakhulu ne-304 SS egqunywe nge-coated, ebonisa ukugqwala okukhulu. Umxholo we-molybdenum kwi-316L wenza ifilimu engasebenziyo esemgangathweni ophezulu. Ngokufanayo, kwi-sulfuric acid (5% kunye ne-25% H2SO4), i-316L SS egqunywe nge-coated inciphisa kakhulu izinga lokugqwala ngama-odolo amabini obukhulu, ngelixa i-304 SS ifumana ukugqwala okukhulu. Ukongezwa kwe-2-3% ye-molybdenum kwi-316L kuphucula kakhulu ukugqwala kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwiindawo ezineekhemikhali ezine-saline okanye i-chloride. Uqinisekisa ukubaiintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayohlala ukhuselekile.
Ubude bexesha elide kwizicelo zoLwandle kunye noLwandlekazi
Iindawo zaselwandle naselunxwemeni zinemingeni ebalulekileyo. Ujongene nokuvezwa rhoqo emanzini anetyuwa kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Ezi meko zikhawulezisa ukugqwala kwizinto ezingamelaniyo kakhulu. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L yenzelwe ngokukodwa ezi zicwangciso zinzima. Ukuxhathisa kwayo okongeziweyo kwi-chloride kuthintela ukugqwala kwemingxuma kunye nokuqhekeka. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zakho zigcina ulungelelwaniso lwazo lwesakhiwo. Ufumana ubomi benkonzo obongezelelekileyo kwizicelo zakho. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuthetha ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa kunye nokutshintshwa. Ungathembela kwi-316L ukuze uhlale ixesha elide apho ezinye izinto zingaphumeleli.
Ukuthembeka ekucutshungulweni kweekhemikhali
Iifektri zokucubungula iikhemikhali zibeka izinto kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezirhabaxa. Udinga izinto ezinokumelana nezi khemikhali zirhabaxa. I-316L yeyona ndlela ikhethwayo kwezi zicelo zibalulekileyo. Umxholo wayo we-molybdenum uphucula ukumelana nokurhabaxa, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-chloride pitting. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke kwiindawo ezinonxibelelwano oluphezulu nezinto ezirhabaxa.
Cinga ngemeko ebandakanya ukugcinwa kwe-brine okanye i-acid ebuthathaka. I-304 stainless steel idla ngokusilela ekuphumeni kwisithuba sonyaka omnye. Ukuyitshintsha nge-316L kwandisa ubomi bayo ngokuphindwe ka-3-5. Oku kubonisa ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-316L. Kwizixhobo zokucubungula iikhemikhali, ezifana nokuveliswa kwee-organic acids, nakwiitanki zokugcina kunye nee-reactors, ukhetha i-316L. Inika ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu nokugqwala kwi-chloride kunye nee-acids xa kuthelekiswa ne-304. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweentambo zakho zentsimbi yentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayo kwezi ndawo zinzima zoshishino.
I-316L vs. 321: Ukusetyenziswa Okubanzi Kweentambo Zentsimbi Engagqwaliyo Ezizitshixayo
Uhlala ujongene nokukhetha phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyoamanqanaba ensimbi engenasici. I-316L kunye ne-321 zombini zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezikhethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-316L ngokubanzi ibonelela ngokusebenza okubanzi kwiintambo zakho zentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayo ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nokugqwala ngokubanzi kunye nokudityaniswa kakuhle.
Ukumelana nokuGqobhoka ngokubanzi phezu kozinzo lobushushu obuphezulu
Udinga izixhobo ezimelana nokugqwala ngempumelelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yohlobo lwe-321 ibonisa ukumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi okufana nohlobo lwe-304. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwemingxuma kunye nemingxuma kwiindawo ze-chloride kukwathelekiswa nohlobo lwe-304 okanye lwe-304L. Oku kufana kungenxa yomxholo wazo we-chromium ofanayo. Kwiimeko ezinzima ngakumbi, ezifana nezo zibandakanya amanqanaba aphezulu e-chloride, i-pH ephantsi, okanye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kufuneka uqwalasele ii-alloys eziqulethe i-molybdenum. Uhlobo lwe-316, olunomxholo we-molybdenum, lunika ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala kwemingxuma kunye nemingxuma kwiimeko ezinzima xa kuthelekiswa ne-321. Ngelixa i-321 igqwesa kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu apho uvakalelo luyingxaki, i-316L inika ukhuselo oluqinileyo ngakumbi ngokuchasene nokugqwala ngokubanzi kunye nokuhlaselwa kwendawo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukudityaniswa kakuhle kunye noBulungisa emva kokudityaniswa
Ufuna izixhobo ezigcina ukuthembeka kwazo emva kokuwelda. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inikezela ngokuwelda okugqwesileyo. Ngokubanzi isebenza kakuhle njengentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-321 kwiimeko ezininzi zoxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nokugqwala. Intsimbi engagqwali ye-321 icetyiswa kakhulu xa umbhobho usebenza ngaphakathi koluhlu lobushushu bokuziva (450-850 °C) kwaye emva koko ujongene neendawo zokugqwala zamanzi okanye ze-polythionic. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-321SS ibonisa ukumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala komda weenkozo ngenxa yokongezwa kwayo kwe-titanium. Nangona kunjalo, ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-321SS kuya kuhla ngokuthe ngcembe ngokushisa okunyukayo. Umzekelo, kuvavanyo lokugqwala okungaguqukiyo kwi-500 °C kwiityuwa ze-NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic ezicociweyo, i-321SS ibonakalise ukumelana okuhle. Sekunjalo, ifikelele kwi-136.70 μm/y kwi-600 °C kunye ne-301.02 μm/y kwi-700 °C. Oku kugqwala kuvela ekunyibilikeni kwe-chromium okukhawulezileyo kunye nokwakheka kwesigaba se-Fe-Ni, okukhokelela ekugqwaleni okucacileyo kwe-intergranular ngaphezulu kwe-600 °C. Kwelinye icala, i-316L igcina ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kubushushu obubanzi, ingakumbi emva kokuwelda, ngaphandle komngcipheko weengxaki ezinxulumene novakalelo kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza.
Ukuguquguquka kuzo zonke iindawo zoshishino ezahlukeneyo
Ufunaizixhobo ezinokuguquguqukakwimisebenzi yakho. Ukumelana nokugqwala okugqwesileyo kwe-316L kunye nokuthembeka okuhle emva kokuwelda kuyenza ikwazi ukuguquguquka kakhulu. Ungayisebenzisa ngokuzithemba kwimizi-mveliso yaselwandle, yamakhemikhali, yokucubungula ukutya, kunye neyeyeza. Ukumelana kwayo neentlobo ngeentlobo zeearhente zokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kuzo zonke izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kusebenza ngokubanzi kunciphisa isidingo seentlobo ezininzi zezinto. Wenza lula inkqubo yakho yokugcina impahla kunye nokuthenga. I-316L ibonelela ngesisombululo esihambelanayo nesisebenza kakuhle kwiimfuno ezininzi zoshishino.
Izicelo Ezibalulekileyo Ezifuna Iintambo Zentambo Ezizitshixayo ze-316L
Udinga izisombululo ezithembekileyo kwiindawo ezinzima. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-316Liintambo ezizitshixayoZibonelela ngokusebenza okubalulekileyo kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo. Ziqinisekisa ukuqina nokhuseleko apho ezinye izinto zingaphumeleli khona.
Ufakelo lwezoLwandle nolweeLwandle
Iindawo zaselwandle naselunxwemeni zinemingeni enzima. Ujongene nokuvezwa rhoqo ngamanzi anetyuwa kunye nemozulu embi. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L, enomxholo wayo we-2-3% we-molybdenum, inika ukumelana okumangalisayo nee-ion ze-chloride. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kwiindawo zaselwandle apho i-spray yetyuwa iyingozi rhoqo. Le nto inokumelana neeyure ezingaphezu kwe-1000 kuvavanyo lwe-ASTM B117 salt spray ngaphandle kokugqwala. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwecandelo kwiifama zomoya zaselunxwemeni. Indlela yokutshixa enamazinyo yezi zibopho inika amandla aphezulu okutsalwa (≥1500N). Oku kubalulekile ekukhuseleni iintambo phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu loomatshini kunye nokungcangcazela. Kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi eselunxwemeni, iintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ze-316 zikhusela iintambo, imibhobho, kunye nezinye izinto kumaqonga okubhola. Zimelana nemiphumo yokubola kwamanzi olwandle, ukufuma okuphezulu, kunye nemimoya enamandla. Oku kuthintela umonakalo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo.
| Uphawu | Inzuzo kwiNdawo zaseLwandle/eMaphandleni |
|---|---|
| Iindlela zokuTshixa eziKhuselekileyo | Ithintela ukutyibilika, iqinisekisa ukuba iintambo zihlala kwindawo yazo nokuba zikwimeko yokungcangcazela okuphezulu. |
| Uxinzelelo Oluhlala Luhleli | Inika uxinzelelo olufanayo kwiibhanti zekhebula, inciphisa ukukhululeka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwendalo. |
| Intsimbi engenasici yebanga lama-316 | Iqinisekisa ukuba amanzi anetyuwa kunye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukugqwala ziyamelana nokugqwala. |
Iindawo zokuLungiselela ukutya kunye namayeza
Usebenza kwiindawo ezifuna ucoceko oluqinileyo kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L lukhetho olukhethwayo ekusetyenzisweni kokutya kunye namayeza. Inika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, ngakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima ezifana ne-asidi ephezulu okanye ukucoca ngamandla. Oku kuhambelana nemigaqo yoyilo lococeko ngokubanzi. Nangona kungekho mithetho icacileyo eyalela i-316L kunezinye iintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo ezikumgangatho wokutya, uyikhetha ukuze ithembeke ixesha elide.
Izityalo zeKhemikhali kunye nePetrochemical
Izityalo zekhemikhali neze-petrochemical ziveza izinto kwizinto ezirhabaxa. Udinga izinto ezimelana nezi meko. Iintambo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-316L zibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kwiikloridi kunye nee-asidi. Zibaluleke kakhulu kwiipayipi zokubamba kunye nemigca yolwelo, ziqinisekisa ukuba izitywino azivuzi. Ezi ntambo ziyamelana nokuhlaselwa ziikhemikhali kunye nokujikeleza kobushushu, okuxhaphakileyo kwiindawo ze-petrochemical. Ifilimu ekhuselayo engaphantsi komhlaba yazo izinceda ukuba zimelane nee-asidi, ii-alkalis, iioyile, kunye nezinyibilikisi. Kwiindawo ezinomxholo ophezulu we-chloride okanye i-sulfur, iintambo ze-316-grade zibonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo.
Ukuvezwa Kwangaphandle Nakwimizi-mveliso
Ufuna izisombululo eziqinileyo kwiindawo zangaphandle nezemizi-mveliso. Ezi ndawo zihlala ziquka amaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, ukuvezwa yi-UV, kunye nokutshizwa kweekhemikhali okunokwenzeka. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inika ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwezi zinto. Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ozifakileyo zihlala zikhuselekile kwaye zisebenza ixesha elide. Ufumana uxolo lwengqondo ukwazi ukuba izinto zakho ziyamelana neemeko ezinzima.
Ixabiso Lexesha Elide Leentambo Zentsimbi Engagqwaliyo Ezizitshixayo Eziyi-316L
Wenza ukhetho olukrelekrele kwimisebenzi yakho. Tyala imali kwi-316Liintambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezizitshixayoIbonelela ngexabiso elibalulekileyo lexesha elide. Ufumana ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko.
Ukunciphisa iindleko zoLondolozo kunye noTshintsho
Ufuna ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Iintambo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezingama-316L zinciphisa kakhulu iimfuno zokugcinwa nokutshintshwa. Ezi ntambo zihlala ixesha elide zibonelela ngokonga okungama-30-60% kwixesha leminyaka eli-10. Ufumana olu longiso ngokuthintela ukutshintshwa rhoqo kwezinto ezingaxhathisi kakhulu. Ukulungiswa okunciphileyo kunye nexesha elincinci lokungasebenzi kunegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendleko zakho.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukuthembeka Nokhuseleko Lwenkqubo Ephuculweyo
Ubeka phambili ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kunye nokhuseleko. Iintambo zentambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-316L zinika ukuqina okungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Zibonelela ngokumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Oku kuzenza zilungele iindawo ezinzima, ezinobushushu obuphezulu, okanye ezigqwalisiweyo. Ezinye izinto zibonisa ukumelana okuncinci kwiimeko eziqatha. Zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi kunye nokuguquguquka okuncinci kobushushu. Iintambo zentambo zentsimbi engagqwali ezingama-316L zixhathisa kakhulu kwiikhemikhali ezininzi. Ezi ziquka ii-asidi, ii-alkalis, iioyile, kunye nezinyibilikisi. Oku kuzenza zifaneleke kakhulu kwiikhemikhali zepetroli, amayeza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwandle. Ukuvezwa kwizinto ezigqwalisiweyo kuqhelekile apho. Ukukwazi kwazo ukumelana nokugqwala kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Unciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwiindawo ezifuna iikhemikhali.
Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelo wobomi kunye notyalo-mali
Ufuna imbuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali lwakho. Ukukhetha i-316L yeentambo zakho zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezizitshixayo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle komjikelo wobomi. Wandisa ubomi bokufakelwa kwakho. Ukwakhusela neenkqubo zakho ezibalulekileyo. Olu tyalo-mali olucwangcisiweyo luqinisekisa ukuqina okuhlala ixesha elide kunye noxolo lwengqondo.
Uyabona intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-316L inika ukusebenza okungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Igqwesa kwiintambo zakho zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezizitshixayo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ukubeka phambili i-316L kuqinisekisa ukuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokuthembeka kwizicelo ezifuna amandla. Ukutyala imali kwi-316L kuqinisekisa ixabiso elifanelekileyo lexesha elide kwimisebenzi yakho.
FAQ
Kutheni ukhetha i-316L ngaphezu kwe-304 kwiindawo ezinamanzi anetyuwa?
Ukhetha i-316L yamanzi anetyuwa. Umthamo wayo we-molybdenum uyamelana nokugqwala kwe-chloride. Oku kuthintela ukugqwala kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiindawo zaselwandle.
Ngaba iintambo zentambo ezizitshixayo ze-316L zifanelekile ukucutshungulwa kweekhemikhali?
Ewe, ungasebenzisa iithayi ezingama-316L ekucubunguleni iikhemikhali. Zimelana neekhemikhali ezirhabaxa kunye neeasidi. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokhuseleko kwiindawo zoshishino ezinzima.
I-316L ithelekiswa njani ne-321 esetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ngokubanzi?
Ufumanisa ukuba i-316L inika ukusetyenziswa okubanzi. Inika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Ukudityaniswa kwayo okufanelekileyo kukwaqinisekisa ukuthembeka emva kokudityaniswa kuzo zonke iindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-12-2025
