I-Duplex 2205 stainless steel iye yaba yindlela yokusebenza kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo lwekhemikhali, iishelufu zokutshintsha ubushushu, kunye neepayipi zenkqubo eziphatha iindawo ezityebileyo ze-chloride, ii-intermediates ze-sulfuric acid, kunye namanzi avelisiweyo avela kwimisebenzi yeoyile kunye negesi. Olu didi ludibanisa ii-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic phases ngokulinganayo, zibonelela ngamandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kunamanqanaba e-austenitic angama-304L/316L ngelixa zigcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwemigodi kunye ne-crevice kungaphezulu kune-stainless eqhelekileyo ye-austenitic. I-Wow Stainless inikezela ngepleyiti ye-duplex 2205, ishiti, i-bar, kunye nombhobho odibeneyo kwiifemu zobunjineli bezityalo zeekhemikhali kulo lonke i-US Gulf Coast, iindawo zokucubungula ioyile-sand zaseKhanada, kunye nee-petrochemical corridors zaseMexico. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka imibhobho yokutya kwe-reactor, iinkqubo zamanzi zenkqubo ye-chloride, kunye nezinto zokwakha kwi-FGD (flue gas desulfurization) absorbers ezikhonza ukuveliswa kwamandla ngamalahle. Ukwamkelwa kwe-metallurgy yamanqanaba amabini kunye ne-ASME Code kuye kwakhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwezityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali ukususela ngo-2018, xa i-ASME B&PV Code Section VIII ihlaziya izixhobo ze-duplex ezivunyiweyo ngokusesikweni kunye neemfuno ezineenkcukacha zokufaneleka kwenkqubo yokwenza.

Kutheni iDuplex 2205 ithatha indawo ye-316L kwiindawo zeNkqubo yokuthwala iChloride

I-Duplex 2205 inika amandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kune-316L austenitic stainless (450 MPa vs 220 MPa minimum yield), okuvumela uyilo lwezitya zoxinzelelo oluncinci oluseludongeni olunciphisa ubunzima bezinto kunye neendleko. Isakhiwo se-micro-phase esinezigaba ezimbini sinika ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kwe-pitting kunye ne-crevice, kunye ne-PREN (inani elilinganayo lokumelana nokugqwala kwe-pitting) lama-35 xa kuthelekiswa nama-25 kwi-316L. Kwizinga le-chloride elingaphezulu kwe-1,000 ppm kunye namaqondo obushushu okusebenza angaphezu kwama-60°C, i-duplex 2205 iyaqhubeka nokusebenza apho i-316L ifumana ukungaphumeleli kwe-pitting kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.

Inzuzo yepropathi yoomatshini ye-duplex 2205 ixhasa ukunciphisa ubunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo kuyilo lwezitya zoxinzelelo, kunye neendlela ezincinci zodonga ezinciphisa ubunzima bezitya nge-30-40% xa kuthelekiswa ne-316L equals kwimilinganiselo yoxinzelelo olulinganayo. Kwi-reactors ezinkulu zenkqubo yeekhemikhali kunye neetanki zokugcina, ukunciphisa ubunzima kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwimithwalo yesiseko encitshisiweyo, ukuhanjiswa okulula, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokumiswa kwendawo. Inkxaso yesitampu se-ASME Code Section VIII ivumela uyilo lwe-duplex 2205 ngaphandle kwemvume yobunjineli bemeko ekhethekileyo, ilungelelanisa imisebenzi yobunjineli beprojekthi.

Kwiimeko zenkqubo ezithwala i-chloride, i-duplex 2205 idla ngokuba yeyona nkcazelo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo esebenzayo ehlala iminyaka eli-10-20 kubushushu bokusebenza obungaphezulu kwama-60°C. Ezinye iindlela ze-316L zifumana ukuqhekeka kokubola koxinzelelo lwe-chloride kungakapheli iminyaka emi-2-5 kwiimeko ezininzi zenkonzo yekhemikhali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvalekeni okungacwangciswanga kunye neephulo zokutshintsha ezibizayo. Inzuzo yeendleko zomjikelo wobomi be-duplex 2205 ibonakala kakhulu kwizicelo ezityebileyo ze-chloride apho iindleko zokutshintshwa kunye nempembelelo yokulahleka kwemveliso yokuvalwa okungacwangciswanga kulawula ukubalwa koqoqosho komjikelo wobomi. Izixhobo zesalathiso malunga nokuthobela ikhowudi ye-ASME kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziyafumaneka nge-BSI apha https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Iindlela Zokwenza Ezigcina Ibhalansi Yesinyithi Ephindwe Kabini

Ukwenziwa kweDuplex 2205 kufuna ukufakwa kobushushu okulawulwayo kunye nolawulo lobushushu be-interpass ukugcina ibhalansi yesigaba se-austenite-ferrite malunga ne-50-50. Ukufakwa kobushushu obugqithisileyo okanye ixesha elongeziweyo kwi-300-900°C kuvelisa imvula yesigaba se-sigma edibanisa i-alloy. I-Wow Stainless ichaza i-GTAW kunye ne-GMAW welding enobushushu obuphezulu be-interpass ye-150°C, ukufakwa kobushushu kunqunyelwe kwi-1.0 kJ/mm, kunye nesisombululo se-post-weld annealing kwi-1050-1100°C kwiindawo ezinzima. Iindawo ezifakwe njenge-welded kwiigeyiji ezikhaphukhaphu zihlala zisetyenziswa ngaphandle konyango lobushushu be-post-weld ngaphandle kokuba isiqinisekiso senkqubo ye-welding siqinisekisa ibhalansi yesigaba eyamkelekileyo.

Isiqinisekiso senkqubo yokuwelda ngokweCandelo le-ASME IX siyimfuneko ekwenzeni isitya soxinzelelo se-duplex 2205, kunye neerekhodi zeenkcukacha zenkqubo yokuwelda (ii-WPSR) ezibonisa ukukhethwa kwesinyithi sokuzalisa, ukwakheka kwegesi yokukhusela, ukulinganiswa kobushushu be-interpass, kunye nomxholo we-ferrite ophumayo ngokwendlela yokulinganisa ye-ASTM A240. I-Wow Stainless igcina ii-WPSR ezifanelekile kwangaphambili kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuwelda ze-duplex 2205 kubandakanya ipleyiti ye-butt-joint, ipayipi-ukuya-kwipayipi, ukufakwa kwepayipi, kunye nejometri yoqhagamshelo lwesebe, ixhasa ubunjineli beprojekthi obukhawulezileyo ngaphandle kophuhliso lwe-WPSR nganye kwiprojekthi.

Ukusika, ukwenza, kunye nokulungisa i-duplex 2205 kulandela iindlela eziqhelekileyo zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ngokunika ingqalelo ekuqwalaselweni kokuguguleka kwezixhobo. Izinga lokuqina komsebenzi le-duplex 2205 lidlula i-316L malunga ne-30%, nto leyo efuna isantya esincitshisiweyo sokusika kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo kwimisebenzi yokulungisa. I-Wow Stainless ipapasha izikhokelo zeparameter yokulungisa kubathengi abenza ukwenziwa kwesibini, kubandakanya isantya esicetyiswayo sokusika, amazinga okutya, kunye neenkcukacha zezinto zezixhobo zokubhola, ukucofa, ukugaya, kunye nokusebenza ngokujika kwi-plate, bar, kunye neemveliso zepayipi ze-duplex 2205.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSikepe soXinzelelo kunye neMibhobho ekuHlaziyweni kweeKhemikhali

I-Duplex 2205 kwizityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali zaseMntla Melika ikhonza imibhobho yokutya ye-reactor ethwala i-chloride, ukuphathwa kwe-sulfuric acid ephakathi, izinto zangaphakathi ze-FGD absorber ekuveliseni umbane osebenzisa amalahle, kunye neenkqubo zamanzi ezivelisiweyo kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi. I-ASME B&PV Code Section VIII stamps zokwakha izitya zoxinzelelo kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-duplex ibisebenza ukusukela ngo-2018, ixhasa iinkcukacha zobunjineli bezityalo ezibanzi. Amaqela obunjineli aseWorley, Fluor, Bechtel, kunye noJacobs ahlala echaza i-duplex 2205 kwizakhiwo zezityalo zeekhemikhali kwiiprojekthi ze-US Gulf Coast.

Izinto zangaphakathi ze-FGD absorber eziquka iidemisters, iitreyi, kunye nee-nozzles zokutshiza ekuveliseni umbane osebenza ngamalahle zimele isicelo esiphezulu sepleyiti kunye nephepha le-duplex 2205. Indawo yokulunywa kwe-chloride egcwele i-chloride kwi-FGD absorbers ibangela ukubola ngokukhawuleza kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nezinye iindlela ze-316L, kunye nokusilela kwemingxuma okubonwa rhoqo kwiinyanga ezili-18-36 zenkonzo. I-Duplex 2205 ifunxa ubomi benkonzo ukuya kwiminyaka eli-15-25 phakathi kokucima okucwangcisiweyo, inciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokutshintshwa kunye nempembelelo yengeniso elahlekileyo ngexesha lokucima. Iinkampani ze-EPC zokuvelisa umbane eziquka iSargent & Lundy, iBurns & McDonnell, kunye neBlack & Veatch zihlala zichaza i-duplex 2205 kwiiprojekthi zokwakha kunye nokutshintsha i-FGD absorber entsha.

Ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuveliswe kwimisebenzi yeoyile negesi, ingakumbi imijelo yamanzi enyibilikisiweyo (TDS) ephezulu evela kwiPermian Basin, eBakken, naseKhanada, kuzisa imingeni yokugqwala ehambelana nokukwazi kwe-duplex 2205. Ukudityaniswa kwee-chloride kwi-50,000-200,000 ppm, i-CO2 enyibilikisiweyo, kunye namaqondo obushushu okusebenza angama-60-90°C kuvelisa amazinga okugqwala kwintsimbi yekhabhoni eyi-1-5 mm/ngonyaka, kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lokugqwala okubonwa kwizixhobo ezingama-316L kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3-5. I-Duplex 2205 inciphisa amazinga okugqwala abe ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 mm/ngonyaka kwaye isusa iingxaki ze-SCC, ixhasa iinjongo zobomi benkonzo yeminyaka engama-20-30 yeziseko zophuhliso zokuphatha amanzi ezivelisweyo. Amaxwebhu okuthobela i-NACE MR0175 abhekiswa kwi-BSI kwi-https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Amaxwebhu ovavanyo lweMill afunekayo ngokweMigangatho ye-ASME kunye ne-ASTM

I-Wow Stainless inika izatifikethi zovavanyo lwe-mill ngokwemigangatho ye-EN 10204 3.1, kunye nokulandeleka kwepleyiti nganye, ishiti, umbhobho, okanye i-bar ukuya kubushushu obuthile kunye nefom yemveliso. Amaxwebhu aquka ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ngokwe-ASTM A240, iipropati zoomatshini ngokwe-ASTM A370 kubandakanya amandla okuvelisa, amandla okutsalwa, ukunwebeka, kunye nobunzima, kunye novavanyo lokugqwala ngokwemigangatho ye-ASTM A923 yokufumanisa izigaba ezinobungozi ze-intermetallic kwizixhobo ze-duplex. Izatifikethi zovavanyo zigcinwa ngedijithali ukuze zigcinwe iminyaka eli-10 ngokuhambelana neemfuno zamaxwebhu e-ASME.

Uvavanyo lwe-ASTM A923 lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni iimveliso ze-duplex 2205 mill ukuze kufunyanwe i-sigma phase okanye i-chi phase precipitation enokwenzeka ngexesha lonyango olungafanelekanga lobushushu kwindawo yokusila. I-ASTM A923 Method A (uvavanyo lwe-etch) kunye ne-Method B (uvavanyo lwempembelelo) zibona i-phase precipitation, ukuba ikhona, ebangela ukuziphatha okubuthathaka xa isebenza. I-Wow Stainless yenza uvavanyo lwe-ASTM A923 kuyo yonke indawo yobushushu ye-duplex 2205 ngaphambi kokuba ikhutshwe, kunye namaxwebhu anikezelweyo kwisatifikethi ngasinye sokusila njengobungqina bokuthobela umthetho.

Kwizicelo zeenqanawa zoxinzelelo ezifuna ukwenziwa kwesitampu se-ASME, iWow Stainless inokukhupha izixhobo zokuqinisekisa ezimbini ezinesitampu se-US ASME kunye nesitampu semiyalelo yezixhobo zoxinzelelo zaseYurophu ze-CE/PED kwisatifikethi esinye somatshini wokugaya. Esi siqinisekiso simbini sixhasa abenzi beemveliso abakhonza zombini iipayipi zeprojekthi zaseMntla Melika naseYurophu ngaphandle kokufumana izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokubhala amaxwebhu. Izatifikethi zovavanyo lweMill zisayinwa ngummeli womgangatho ogunyazisiweyo oneziqinisekiso ezinokuqinisekiswa ngerejista ye-intanethi yequmrhu eliqinisekisayo ukuze kuthotyelwe ngokupheleleyo uthotho lwamaxwebhu.

Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kwiCandelo loNikezelo lweeNkqubo kwiiShedyuli zeProjekthi zaseMntla Melika

Amaxesha okukhokela ukusuka ekuqatshelweni kweodolo ukuya kwi-US Gulf Coast okanye kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo eKhanada aqala kwiiveki ezili-14-20 zobukhulu obuqhelekileyo beplate (3-50mm) kunye neeshedyuli zepayipi eziqhelekileyo, kunye namaxesha amade okukhokela kwizixhobo ezikhethekileyo zepayipi, iiplate ezinkulu, okanye ii-odolo ezincinci ngaphantsi kobuninzi obuncinci be-mill. I-Wow Stainless igcina iitoni ezingama-300-500 zeetoni ze-duplex 2205 kwisiza saseWenzhou ukuze kuthunyelwe ii-odolo ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo zeprojekthi zaseMntla Melika, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwezothutho oluxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwe-FCL kunye ne-LCL kwiikhonteyina ngePort yaseShanghai kunye nePort yaseNingbo.

Ucwangciso lokuthengwa kweprojekthi kufuneka luqwalasele amaxesha aqhelekileyo okukhokela angaphantsi kweeveki ezili-12-16 ubukhulu beepleyiti ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, ubukhulu beepleyiti ezinkulu ezidlula umgangatho womatshini wokugaya (ngesiqhelo ububanzi beemitha eziyi-2.5-3.0 kunye nobude beemitha ezi-6-12), kunye nemiyalelo yepayipi efuna unyango lobushushu oluqhelekileyo okanye ukuhlolwa ngumntu wesithathu. I-Engage Wow Stainless kwisigaba sobunjineli beprojekthi okanye sobunjineli obusisiseko ukuze kuvalwe izikhundla zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba iifestile zokucwangcisa umatshini wokugaya kunye nonyango lobushushu zivale ngexesha eliqhelekileyo leeveki ezili-18-22.

Kwiimfuno zeprojekthi zaseMntla Melika ezikhawulezileyo, iWow Stainless igcina ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-US Gulf Coast kunye nomsasazi oseHouston ogcina iitoni ezingama-30-50 zeetoni ze-duplex 2205 kunye nombhobho ngobukhulu obuqhelekileyo. Olu luhlu lwempahla lwaseHouston luxhasa ukuthunyelwa kweeveki ezi-2-4 kwiinkampani zobunjineli bezityalo zeekhemikhali kunye nabenzi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo ukuze kulungiswe ngokukhawuleza kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi ezincinci. Uluhlu lwempahla lwaseHouston lunezatifikethi zovavanyo lwemill ezifanayo kwaye luxhasa amaxwebhu omgangatho wokwenziwa ukuze kuthotyelwe uphicotho lobunjineli beprojekthi.

Ngemibuzo yokuthengwa kwempahla kwipleyiti ye-duplex 2205, ishiti, ibha, kunye nombhobho odibeneyo wezicelo zesitya soxinzelelo lwekhemikhali kunye nemibhobho yezityalo zaseMntla Melika, iqela lokuthumela ngaphandle leWow Stainless libonelela ngengcebiso yeenkcukacha, inkxaso yeekowuteshini, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwezothutho. Iisampulu zesatifikethi sovavanyo lweMill kunye namaxwebhu okuthobela i-ASTM A240 ziyafumaneka aphaiphepha leemveliso zeWow Stainless.