Uluhlu lokuhlola ukuqinisekiswa kwe-MTC lwabavelisi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo abafumana intsimbi ye-duplex 2205.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-MTC okusindisa ubomi

Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwe-Duplex 2205 Stainless Steel kunye nePropathi

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yeDuplex 2205, ebizwa ngokuba yi-UNS S31803/S32205, inezigaba ezimbiniingxubevangeedibanisa iimpawu eziluncedo zazo zombinii-austenitickwayeintsimbi engagqwali ye-ferriticizakhiwo ezincinci. Ulwakhiwo luhlala lune-22%i-chromium, 5%i-nickel, i-3% ye-molybdenum, kunye ne-0.17% ye-nitrogen. Le khemistri ilinganiswe ngononophelo ivelisa isakhiwo esincinci esinemilinganiselo elinganayo ye-austenite kunye ne-ferrite phases, ngokuqhelekileyo sigcina umxholo we-ferrite ongama-35% ukuya kuma-65%. Isakhiwo se-dual-phase sinika phantse kabini amandla okuvelisa amandla e-austenitic aqhelekileyo ngelixa sinika ukumelana okugqwesileyoumhlwa, ngakumbiukugqwala kwemingxumakunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lokugqwala kwiindawo ezinekloridi.

Ngokubaisitya soxinzeleloabavelisi, ukuqonda olu lwakhiwo kubalulekile kuba yonke into isebenzela injongo ethile yobunjineli. I-Chromium inika ifilimu ye-oxide engashukumiyo exhathisa ukuhlaselwa kokugqwala. I-Nickel izinzisa isigaba se-austenite kwaye inegalelo ekuqineni. I-Molybdenum yonyusa ukumelana nokugqwala, ilinganiswa yi-Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), ebalwa njenge-PREN ilingana ne-%Cr kunye ne-3.3 times %Mo kunye ne-16 times %N. Kwi-duplex 2205, i-PREN kufuneka ibe malunga ne-34 ukuya kwi-35, edlula kakhulu i-PREN eqhelekileyo ye-23 ukuya kwi-28 ye-intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-austeniticamabakala afana ne-316L. Ngokwe-Ushishino lweNsimbi oluKhethekileyo lwaseMntla Melika, olu xhathiso lubalaseleyo lwemingxunya lwenza i-duplex 2205 ibe yeyona nto ikhethwayo kwiindawo zoshishino ezinobundlobongela apho amanqaku aqhelekileyo angaphumeleli ngaphambi kwexesha.

Iimpawu zoomatshini ze-duplex 2205 zahlula ngakumbi kwi-single-phaseyenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayoamabakala. Amandla esivuno esincinci angama-450 MPa (65 ksi) kunye namandla okutsalwa ancinci angama-620 MPa (90 ksi) avumela iinjineli ukuba ziyile iinqanawa zoxinzelelo lodonga ezibhityileyo, zinciphise iindleko zezinto kunye nobunzima bokwenziwa ngaphandle kokubeka emngciphekweni ukhuseleko. Ukwandiswa okuncinci kwama-25% kuqinisekisa ukuqina okwaneleyo kokwenziwa,ukuweldakunye nemisebenzi yokuvavanya uxinzelelo. Ezi mpawu zichazwe kwi-ASTM A240 kunye ne-ASME SA-240, imigangatho elawula izixhobo zepleyiti yesitya soxinzelelo kwiintsimbiimboni kwihlabathi liphela.

Kutheni ukuqinisekiswa kweSatifikethi soVavanyo lweMill kubalulekile kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo

Isatifikethi sovavanyo lomatshini wokugaya (i-MTC), esaziwa ngokuba yingxelo yovavanyo lomatshini wokugaya (i-MTR) okanye ingxelo yovavanyo lwezinto eziphathekayo, luxwebhu lokuqinisekisa umgangatho oluqinisekisa iqela elithile lezintoyenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayoihlangabezana neemfuno zayo ezimiselweyo. Kubavelisi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo, i-MTC ingaphezulu kakhulu kunendlela yolawulo. Bubungqina obuphambili bokuba izinto ezibonelelweyo ziya kusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo phantsi koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, amaqondo obushushu, kunye nokuvezwa kweekhemikhali ezidibana neenqanawa zoxinzelelo xa zisebenza. ICandelo lesiBili le-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) liyalela ukuba zonke izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo ezinesitampu sekhowudi kufuneka zibhalwe ngokupheleleyo ngeesatifikethi zovavanyo ezinokulandeleka. Ngaphandle kwe-MTC eqinisekisiweyo, inqanawa yoxinzelelo ayinakufumana isitampu sayo se-ASME, kwaye umenzi ujongene noxanduva olunokubakho lokungathobeli.

Iziphumo zokwamkela ii-MTC ezingaqinisekiswanga okanye zobuqhetseba zinokuba yintlekele enkulu. Kwishishini lokucubungula iikhemikhali, isitya soxinzelelo esenziwe ngezinto ezingahlangabezaniyo nemigaqo ye-duplex 2205 sinokungaphumeleli phantsi kokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-chloride kwiinyanga emva kokusebenza. Kwizicelo zeoyile negesi, ingakumbi iindawo zenkonzo ezimuncu ezine-hydrogen sulfide, izinto ezingahambelaniyo nemithetho.I-NACE MR0175Iimfuneko zobunzima zinokubangela ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-sulfide, okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni okukhulu, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kunye nokulahleka kobomi. Ezi azizongozi zethiyori. IBhodi yeSizwe yeBoiler kunye nabaHloli beeVessel zoxinzelelo ihlala ixela iziganeko ezilandelelanayo emva kokusilela kwesatifikethi sezinto, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuqinisekiswa okungqongqo kwe-MTC kuyo yonke ishushu yezixhobo ezingena kwivenkile yokwenziwa.

Ukufunyanwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kuyayiqinisa le mingeni yokuqinisekisa. Xa abavelisi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo bethenga i-duplex 2205 kwiifektri zaphesheya, ingakumbi kwiimarike ezinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokulawula umgangatho, umngcipheko wokufumana izinto ezinamaxwebhu angaphelelanga okanye angachanekanga uyanda. Imiqobo yolwimi, iindlela zokuqinisekisa ezingaziwayo, kunye nomgama ukusuka kwifektri yokuvelisa zonke ezi zinto zinegalelo ekubunzima bokuqinisekisa. Yiyo kanye le nto ukuseka ubudlelwane nabathengisi abacacileyo nabagxile kumgangatho kubalulekile. Ababoneleli abadumileyo bafanaWow Insimbi Engagqwaliyobayaqonda ukuba ukubonelela ngeesatifikethi zovavanyo lwe-mill ezipheleleyo neziqinisekisiweyo akusiyo nje indlela elungileyo yoshishino kodwa yimfuneko esisiseko yokukhonza ishishini leenqanawa zoxinzelelo ngononophelo. Irekhodi labo elibhaliweyo lokubonelelai-duplex 2205 kwiinjineli zezityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali eMntla Melikaibonisa inqanaba lokuqina kwesatifikethi ekufuneka abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe balindele.

Ukuqinisekiswa koBume beeKhemikhali: Yintoni ekufuneka uyijonge kwi-MTC nganye

Icandelo lokwakheka kweekhemikhali kwisatifikethi sovavanyo lwe-mill yindawo yokuqala neyona ibalulekileyo yokujonga ukuqinisekiswa kwe-duplex 2205. Yonke i-MTC kufuneka ixele zombini uhlalutyo lobushushu kunye namaxabiso ohlalutyo lwemveliso kwizinto eziphambili zokudibanisa. Uhlalutyo lobushushu lumele ulwakhiwo oluchongiweyo kwiisampuli ezithathwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilika okanye yokuphosa ephambili, ngelixa uhlalutyo lwemveliso (olubizwa ngokuba luhlalutyo lokujonga) lwenziwa kwiisampuli ezithathwe kwipleyiti egqityiweyo, iphepha, okanye umbhobho. Kwi-duplex 2205, ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali ngokwe-ASTM A240 kufuneka lube ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile: i-chromium 22.0-23.0%, i-nickel 4.5-6.5%, i-molybdenum 3.0-3.5%, i-nitrogen 0.14-0.20%, ubuninzi bekhabhoni 0.030%, ubuninzi be-manganese 2.0%, ubuninzi be-silicon 1.0%, ubuninzi be-phosphorus 0.030%, kunye nobuninzi be-sulfur 0.020%. Ukunyamezelana kohlalutyo lwemveliso kuvumela uluhlu olubanzi kancinci kunohlalutyo lobushushu, kodwa ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo kubonisa iingxaki zezinto ezinokubakho.

Xa uphonononga ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, qwalasela ngokukodwa amaxabiso e-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum, njengoko ezi zinto zimisela ngokuthe ngqo i-PREN kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto. Ukuba i-chromium iwela ngaphantsi kwe-21.5% okanye i-molybdenum iwela ngaphantsi kwe-2.5% xa kuhlalutywa imveliso, izinto zisenokungabi nakho ukumelana nokugqwala okulindelekileyo kwiindawo ze-chloride. Ngokufanayo, umxholo we-nitrogen ongaphantsi kwe-0.14% unokunciphisa kakhulu amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala. Umxholo we-carbon kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kakhulu kwe-0.030% ephezulu, ngesiqhelo malunga ne-0.020% okanye ngaphantsi, njengoko i-carbon egqithisileyo ikhuthaza ukuna kwe-carbide kwimida yeenkozo ngexeshaukuwelda, buthathaka indawo echaphazeleka bubushushu. Thetha la maxabiso ngokuthelekisa neemfuno ezikwiImigangatho ye-ISOkunye nenkcazo ethile yezinto ezichazwe kwi-odolo yokuthenga ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Injineli enamava yomgangatho iya kujonga ukuhambelana phakathi kolwakhiwo lweekhemikhali oluchaziweyo kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Ukuba ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali lubonisa umxholo we-nickel osezantsi kodwa uvavanyo loomatshini lubonisa umxholo ophezulu kakhulu we-ferrite, oku kuthetha ukuba izinto zisenokuba zinyibilikisiwe ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ikhemistri isenokuba ilungisiwe emva kohlalutyo lokuqala lobushushu. Nakuphi na ukungangqinelani phakathi kwekhemistri kunye neziphumo zoomatshini kufuna uphando olongezelelekileyo, kubandakanya uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lwelabhoratri lweesampuli zobungqina ngaphambi kokuba izinto zingene ekwenziweni kwemithambo yoxinzelelo.

Iipropati zoomatshini kunye neemfuno zoBulukhuni kwiNkonzo yeSikepe soXinzelelo

Icandelo leempawu zoomatshini kwisatifikethi sovavanyo lwe-duplex 2205 mill kufuneka libonise ukuba izinto ziyahlangabezana okanye zidlula iimfuno ezincinci ezichazwe kwi-ASTM A240 kunye ne-ASME SA-240. Kwipleyiti yentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-duplex 2205, ezi zincinci zezi: Amandla okukhupha i-offset ye-0.2% ye-450 MPa (65 ksi), amandla okugqibela okutsalwa kwe-620 MPa (90 ksi), kunye nokwandiswa kwi-50 mm ye-25%. Ezi mpawu zibonisa isiphumo sokuqinisa sesakhiwo se-microstructure esinezigaba ezimbini kunye nokongezwa kwe-nitrogen. Abavelisi bemikhumbi yoxinzelelo kufuneka baphawule nayiphi na i-MTC apho amaxabiso axeliweyo awela ngaphakathi kwe-5% yemida yenkcazo ephantsi, njengoko oku kunokubonisa ukuba izinto zikufutshane nomda womgangatho owamkelekileyo kwaye zinokuziphatha ngendlela engalindelekanga ngexesha lokuyila kunyeukuweldaimisebenzi.

Uvavanyo lokuqina lolunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa. Kwizicelo ze-duplex 2205 eziqhelekileyo, ubunzima obukhulu abufanele budlule kwi-31 HRC (310 HBW okanye 332 HV). Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo zenkonzo ethambileyo ezilawulwa yiI-NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, ubunzima obukhulu bukhawulelwe kwi-28 HRC (285 HBW). I-MTC kufuneka ichaze ngokucacileyo indlela yovavanyo lobunzima esetyenzisiweyo (iRockwell, iBrinell, okanye iVickers) kunye nendawo yovavanyo. Kwizinto zepleyiti, ubunzima buhlala bulinganiswa kubukhulu obuphakathi. Ukuba i-MTC ibika amaxabiso obunzima ngaphandle kokuchaza indlela yovavanyo, indawo, okanye isikali, le yimpawu ebomvu ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ikhuthaze ukwaliwa okanye ukuvavanywa kwakhona kwezinto ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwenziwa kwemithambo yoxinzelelo.

Uvavanyo lwempembelelo yeCharpy V-notch lubonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo malunga nokuqina kwesixhobo, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ngelixa i-duplex 2205 ngokubanzi ibonisa ukuqina okuhle ukuya kuthi ga kwi-minus 50 degrees Celsius, i-MTC kufuneka ibandakanye iziphumo zovavanyo lwempembelelo kubushushu obuchazwe yikhowudi yoyilo lwesitya soxinzelelo. Iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo zifuna amaxabiso aphantsi amandla afunxwayo angama-27 J (20 ft-lbf) kwiisampuli ezinqamlezileyo. Kwimithambo yoxinzelelo esebenza kwiindawo ezibandayo okanye ephatha ulwelo lwe-cryogenic, uvavanyo lwempembelelo kubushushu obuphantsi boyilo luyimfuneko. Qinisekisa ukuba iisampulu zovavanyo zithathwe ngendlela echanekileyo xa kuthelekiswa necala lokuqengqeleka, njengoko oku kuchaphazela kakhulu amaxabiso abikiweyo.ingxubevangeukwakheka kunye nokulinganisela kwesakhiwo se-microstructure kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ezi mpawu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uphononongo olupheleleyo lwe-MTC lube yimfuneko.

IiMpawu eziBomvu: Ukuchonga iZatifikethi zoVavanyo lweMill oluQhekethiweyo okanye olungachanekanga

Ukuqonda iiflegi ezibomvu kwizatifikethi zovavanyo lwe-mill sisakhono ekufuneka wonke umenzi wesitya soxinzelelo asiphuhlise ukukhusela amashishini akhe kunye nabasebenzisi bakhe bokugqibela. Iflegi ebomvu ecacileyo yinombolo yobushushu engekhoyo okanye engafundekiyo. I-MTC nganye esemthethweni kufuneka iquke inombolo yobushushu eyahlukileyo elandelelanisa izinto ukuya ekunyibilikeni kwazo. Le nombolo yobushushu kufuneka iphawulwe ngokwasemzimbeni okanye iphawulwe kwimpahla ngokwayo, kwaye zombini kufuneka zihambelane. Ukuba inombolo yobushushu ye-MTC ayihambelani neempawu ezikwipleyiti okanye kumbhobho, izinto kufuneka zibekwe ecaleni de kube kusonjululwe ukungangqinelani. Abanye ababoneleli abakhohlisayo baya kubonelela ngee-MTC ezivela kubushushu obunye bezinto ngelixa bethumela izinto ezivela kubushushu obahlukileyo, obuphantsi.

Enye impawu ebalulekileyo kukuba xa onke amaxabiso eekhemikhali kunye noomatshini axeliweyo eqokelelana ngokuchanekileyo kwimida yobuncinci okanye ephezulu yenkcazo. Nangona kunokwenzeka ngokwezibalo ukuba amaxabiso awele kwimida yenkcazo, akunakwenzeka ukuba into nganye kunye nayo yonke impahla yoomatshini ingenza njalo ngaxeshanye kwi-MTC efanayo. Le patheni idla ngokubonisa ukuba i-MTC yenziwe endaweni yokuba ithathwe kuvavanyo lokwenyani. Ngokufanayo, cinga nge-MTC apho iipropati zoomatshini zibonisa amaxabiso aphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga adlula kakhulu ubuncinci benkcazo. Nangona amandla aphezulu anokubonakala efunekayo, amandla aphezulu kakhulu kwimveliso kwi-duplex 2205 anokubonisa umxholo ophezulu we-ferrite, okunciphisa ukuqina kunye nokudityaniswa. Ii-MTC zokwenyani ezivela kwiifektri ezithembekileyo zihlala zibonisa amaxabiso asasazwa ngokwendalo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwenkcazo.

Ukungabikho kwesiqinisekiso selabhoratri yomntu wesithathu lolunye uphawu lwesilumkiso. Kwizicelo zemikhumbi yoxinzelelo olubalulekileyo, ngakumbi ezo zijoliswe kwinkonzo yeoyile negesi, ekucutshungulweni kweekhemikhali, okanye kwizibonelelo zokukhupha ityuwa, i-MTC kufuneka ihambisane neengxelo zovavanyo ezivela kwiilabhoratri ezizimeleyo ezivunyiweyo. Iifektri ezidumileyo zihlala zisebenzisana nemibutho efana ne-SGS, i-Bureau Veritas, i-Lloyd's Register, okanye i-TUV ukuze zibone uvavanyo kwaye ziqinisekise iziphumo. Ukuba umthengisi akanakubonelela ngamaxwebhu ovavanyo lomntu wesithathu, okanye ukuba izatifikethi zomntu wesithathu zibonisa inani lobushushu elahlukileyo kune-MTC, lumka kakhulu. Soloko uqinisekisa imeko yokuqinisekiswa kwayo nayiphi na ilebhu yomntu wesithathu ekhankanyiweyo kwisatifikethi, kwaye ubhekisele idatha ngokuchasene noluhlu olupheleleyo lwemveliso olufumanekayo kubathengisi abaziwayo abafanaWow Insimbi Engagqwaliyo, abagcina amaxwebhu apheleleyo asemgangathweni waboyenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayoimigca yemveliso.

Indlela yokuqinisekisa ubunyani be-MTC kunye nokulandeleka kwezinto

Ukuqinisekisa isatifikethi sovavanyo lomatshini wokugaya kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo edlula nje ukufunda uxwebhu. Inyathelo lokuqala kukunxibelelana ngqo nomzi-mveliso usebenzisa ulwazi loqhagamshelwano olufunyenwe ngokuzimeleyo, kungekhona kwi-MTC ngokwayo okanye kumthengisi owunikezelayo. Fowunela isebe lokuqinisekisa umgangatho womatshini wokugaya kwaye unikeze inombolo yobushushu, iinkcukacha zemveliso, kunye nomhla wokwenziwa. Bacele ukuba baqinisekise ukuba i-MTC ekuwe iyahambelana na neerekhodi zabo. Iifektri ezininzi zanamhlanje, ngakumbi ezo ziseYurophu, eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, kunye nabavelisi baseTshayina abasele bekhulile, zigcina iidathabheyisi zokulandelela ezikwi-intanethi apho abathengi banokuqinisekisa amanani obushushu ngexesha langempela. Olu qinisekiso oluthe ngqo nomzi-mveliso yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuqinisekisa ubunyani be-MTC.

Inyathelo lesibini lokuqinisekisa libandakanya ukucela iingxelo zovavanyo ezongezelelweyo eziqinisekisa idatha ephambili ye-MTC. Kwizinto ze-duplex 2205 zoxinzelelo lwesitya, cela iingxelo zovavanyo lwe-ultrasonic (UT) ngokwe-ASTM A578, izatifikethi zovavanyo lokugqwala ngokwe-ASTM A923 (evavanya ngokukodwa ukufaneleka kwezakhiwo ezincinci ze-duplex), kunye neengxelo zovavanyo olunemilinganiselo eziqinisekisa ubukhulu, ububanzi, kunye nokunyamezelana kobude. Jonga iziphumo ze-UT kunye ne-MTC ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ziphene zangaphakathi. Indlela yovavanyo ye-ASTM A923 ichonga ngokukodwa ii-intermetallic phases ezifana ne-sigma phase ezinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lonyango olungafanelekanga lobushushu kwaye zonakalise kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuqina kwi-duplex.yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo.

Okokugqibela, thelekisa idatha ye-MTC neziphumo ezivela kwiibhetshi zangaphambili ze-duplex 2205 ezivela kumzi-mveliso omnye nakumthengisi omnye. Misela isiseko sedatha sembali sokwakheka kweekhemikhali, iimpawu zoomatshini, kunye neziphumo zovavanyo. Amaxabiso ahambelanayo kwiiheat ezininzi abonisa inkqubo yokuvelisa ezinzileyo nelawulwa kakuhle. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwisakhiwo okanye kwiimpawu phakathi kweebhetshi, nokuba zombini zihlangabezana neemfuno, zinokubonisa utshintsho ekufumaneni izinto eziluhlaza, utshintsho lwenkqubo yokuvelisa, okanye imiba yokulawula umgangatho kumzi-mveliso. Kubavelisi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo abathengisa kumazwe ngamazwe, ukwakha le datha yembali kufuna uqeqesho kodwa kubonelela ngokhuseleko oluxabisekileyo ekufumaneni izinto ezingaphantsi komgangatho. Cinga ngokubandakanya ingcali yesinyithi okanye injineli yezinto ukuze ihlole ii-MTC ukuze ifumane ii-odolo ezixabisa kakhulu okanye ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko, ingakumbi xa isebenza nababoneleli abatsha okokuqala.

I-Duplex 2205 vs 316L vs Super Duplex 2507: Ukukhetha iBanga eliLungileyo

Iinjineli zeenqanawa zoxinzelelo zihlala zijongana nesigqibo sokuba zeziphiyenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayoibakala elichazwe kwisicelo esithile. Amanqanaba amathathu aqhelekileyo aqwalaselwayo kwinkonzo yokubola yi-316L austenitic stainless steel, i-duplex 2205, kunye ne-super duplex 2507. Inqanaba ngalinye libonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemida ekufuneka ivavanywe ngokuchasene neemeko ezithile zokusebenza kwesitya soxinzelelo. Ukuqonda la mahluko kubalulekile ekwenzeni ukhetho lwezinto ezingabizi kakhulu eziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkonzo yexesha elide. Ngokutsho kweI-SSINA, ukhetho lomgangatho luxhomekeke kwindawo enokugqwala, ubushushu bokusebenza, iimfuno zoxinzelelo, kunye nobomi benkonzo obulindelekileyo besixhobo.

Ibanga le-316L lisebenza nzima kakhuluyenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayokwiindawo ezingcolisayo ngokulinganayo. I-316L ibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi kwe-16-18% ye-chromium, i-10-14% ye-nickel, kunye ne-2-3% ye-molybdenum, i-316L inika ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala kunye nokwakheka okuhle kunye nokudityaniswa. Nangona kunjalo, i-PREN yayo malunga ne-23-26 iyenza ibe sesichengeni sokugqwala kunye nokuqhekeka kwiindawo ezixineneyo ze-chloride, ngakumbi kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-50 degrees Celsius. Amandla ayo okuvelisa amalunga ne-170-205 MPa amalunga nesinye kwisithathu se-duplex 2205, efuna iindonga zemithambo ezityebileyo ukuze kulinganiswe uxinzelelo olufanayo. I-Grade 316L iselukhetho olufanelekileyo lokucubungula iikhemikhali okuphakathi, ukutya neziselo, amayeza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo apho ubuninzi be-chloride buphantsi kwaye ukulungiswa kweendleko kubalulekile.

I-Duplex 2205 ikwindawo ephakathi, inikezela ngamandla okuvelisa aphindwe kabini kune-316L kunye ne-PREN engama-34-35, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo ezityebileyo kwi-chloride kwizityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali, kwizixhobo zokuvelisa ioyile negesi, kwizityalo zokukhupha ityuwa, nakwiindawo zokugaya iityuwa kunye nephepha. Umxholo ophantsi we-nickel xa uthelekiswa ne-316L ukwabonelela ngozinzo olukhulu lwamaxabiso, njengoko amaxabiso e-nickel enokuba nokuguquguquka. I-Super duplex 2507, ene-chromium emalunga ne-25%, i-nickel eyi-7%, kunye ne-4% ye-molybdenum, ibonelela nge-PREN engaphezulu kwama-40 kwaye kufuneka ichazwe kuphela xa iimeko zokusebenza zidlula amandla e-duplex 2205. Oku kubandakanya i-chloride media exineneyo kakhulu, amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-60 degrees Celsius emanzini olwandle, kwiindawo ezinzulu zolwandle, kunye nokucutshungulwa kwe-asidi enamandla. Nangona kunjalo, i-super duplex 2507 ifuna iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokuwelda, ulawulo oluqinileyo lonyango lobushushu, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zezinto, okwenza i-duplex 2205 ibe lukhetho lobunjineli olukhethwayo uninzi lwezicelo zeenqwelo zoxinzelelo lwemizi-mveliso kwihlabathi liphela.

Izicelo zeHlabathi lokwenyani: Apho iDuplex 2205 Pressure Vessels Excel

Ukusasazwa okusebenzayo kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-duplex 2205 ekwenzeni izitya zoxinzelelo kugubungela amashishini amaninzi anzima apho kudibana khona izinto ezibangela ukonakaliswa kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Kwizityalo zokucubungula iikhemikhali kulo lonke unxweme lweGulf e-United States, ngakumbi kwi-corridor yezimboni yaseHouston, i-duplex 2205 iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwii-reactors, iikholamu, ii-heat exchangers, kunye neenqanawa zokugcina izinto eziphatha imijelo yenkqubo etyebileyo ye-chloride. Isityalo seekhemikhali eHouston esichaza i-duplex 2205 sesakhiwo esitsha semveliso ye-organic chloride sixele ukuba ubomi benkonzo obuqikelelweyo bunyuke ngaphezu kwe-300% xa kuthelekiswa neenqanawa ze-316L ezazisetyenziswa ngaphambili, ezazifuna ukutshintshwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwemigodi kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo. Ixabiso eliphezulu lezinto zokuqala ze-duplex 2205 lancitshiswa kumjikelo wokuqala wokusebenza ngokuphelisa ukuvalwa okungacwangciswanga kunye neendleko zokulungisa ezingxamisekileyo.

Amaqonga eoyile negesi angaphandle kolwandle kwiNorth Sea amele esinye isicelo esibalulekileyo kwimikhumbi yoxinzelelo lwe-duplex 2205. Ukudibana kokuvezwa kwamanzi olwandle, i-hydrogen sulfide kulwelo oluvelisiweyo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi angqongileyo kudala enye yezona ndawo zifuna kakhulu inkonzo kuyo nayiphi na into yobunjineli. Abaqhubi beNorth Sea bamisele i-duplex 2205 kwiinkqubo zokuphatha amanzi olwandle, izahluli zenkqubo, kunye neenqanawa zonyango lwamanzi ezivelisiweyo. Ukumelana kwezinto kwi-chloride stress corrosion cracking kunye nokuthobela kwayoI-NACE MR0175Iimfuno zenkonzo ethambileyo zenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokukodwa kwezi zicelo. Iinkqubo zokuwelda kwiinqanawa zeNorth Sea duplex 2205 kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho, kubandakanya ukufakelwa kobushushu okulawulwayo, imida yobushushu phakathi kwee-interpass, kunye nokuqinisekiswa komxholo we-ferrite emva kokuwelda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo eziweldayo zisebenza ngokulinganayo nezinto eziphambili.

Izityalo zokukhupha ityuwa kuMbindi Mpuma, ngakumbi eSaudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates, zisebenzise i-duplex 2205 kwiipayipi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ii-flash vessels, kunye nee-reverse osmosis pressure vessels. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lwe-chloride kumanzi olwandle ase-Arabian Gulf (malunga ne-45,000-50,000 mg/L iyonke i-solids enyibilikisiweyo) kunye namaqondo obushushu okusebenza angama-40-55 degrees Celsius kwiinkqubo zokususa ityuwa kubushushu kwenza i-316L ingafanelekanga ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza kwemigodi. I-Duplex 2205 ibonelela ngokumelana nokugqwala okufunekayo ngelixa ivumela iindonga ezincinci zemithambo ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu oomatshini, okunciphisa iindleko zezinto kunye nokuveliswa. Ishishini le-pulp kunye nephepha eScandinavia naseMzantsi Melika lixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-duplex 2205 yezixhobo zokugaya, ii-bleach washers, kunye nee-chemical recovery vessels apho ukumelana notywala obune-acidic chloride kubalulekile ukuze kuqhubeke ukusebenza.

Ukufumana Iindlela Ezilungileyo Zokwenza Abavelisi Beenqanawa Zoxinzelelo

Ukuseka inkqubo eqinileyo yokufaneleka komthengisi sisiseko sokufumana i-duplex 2205 ephumelelayo yokwenza imikhumbi yoxinzelelo. Qala ngokuqinisekisa ukuba i-mill evelisayo ineziqinisekiso zangoku kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomgangatho we-ISO 9001 kwaye, apho kufanelekileyo, iziqinisekiso ezithile zoshishino ezifana nokuvunywa kwe-PED (Pressure Equipment Directive), i-NADCAP, okanye iziqinisekiso zomgangatho wenyukliya. Cela isicwangciso esipheleleyo sencwadi yomgangatho okanye somgangatho kwi-mill esibhala iinkqubo zabo zokuhlola nokuvavanya amanqanaba e-duplex. Vavanya amandla e-mill okwenza zonke iimvavanyo ezifunekayo ngaphakathi, kubandakanya uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali (i-optical emission spectroscopy okanye i-XRF), uvavanyo loomatshini (ukuxinana, ubulukhuni, impembelelo), uvavanyo lokugqwala (ASTM A923), kunye novavanyo olungonakalisiyo (uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic). Ii-mill ekufuneka zithumele ngaphandle iimvavanyo ezibalulekileyo zinokuzisa ukulibaziseka kunye neemfuno ezongezelelweyo zoxwebhu lwechungechunge lokugcina.

Xa ubeka ii-odolo zokuthenga zezinto ze-duplex 2205 zoxinzelelo lwenqanawa, faka iimfuno ezicacileyo zomxholo we-MTC kunye nefomathi. Cacisa ukuba i-MTC kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokuhambelana ne-EN 10204 Type 3.1 (isatifikethi sokuhlola esivela kumvelisi) okanye Uhlobo 3.2 (isatifikethi sokuhlola esiqinisekiswe liqumrhu elizimeleyo), kuxhomekeke kukubaluleka kwesicelo. Kwimikhumbi enesitampu sekhowudi ye-ASME, i-EN 10204 Type 3.1 yeyona mfuneko incinci. Kwizicelo zaselwandle, zenyukliya, okanye ezinye iziphumo eziphezulu, isatifikethi sohlobo 3.2 esinovavanyo lwamangqina wesithathu siyacetyiswa. Cacisa ngokucacileyo iinkcukacha zezinto ezifanelekileyo (ASTM A240, ASME SA-240, okanye ezilinganayo), iindlela zovavanyo ezifunekayo, ukuqhelaniswa kwesampuli, kunye nemigangatho yokwamkelwa kuyo yonke i-odolo yokuthenga. Ukungacaci kwiinkcukacha zokuthenga yeyona mvelaphi iqhelekileyo yeengxabano ze-MTC phakathi kwabavelisi kunye nababoneleli.

Ukwakha ubudlelwane bexesha elide nabathengisi abafanelekileyo be-duplex 2205 kubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ngokubhekiselele ekuhambelaneni, ukuthembeka, kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa.Wow Insimbi EngagqwaliyoI-Automation, esebenza eNingbo, eTshayina, izakhele igama ngokubonelela ngezixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ezinamaxwebhu apheleleyo kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe. Uluhlu lwemveliso yabo alubandakanyi nje kuphela amanqanaba amabini kodwa lukwanokhetho olubanzi lwe-austenitic kunye ne-ferritic.yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayoiikhoyili, imicu, kunye namaphepha kwiindidi ezifana ne-304, 316L, 430, 409, kunye ne-201, ezifumaneka ngezixhobo zabo.ikhathalogu yeemveliso. Abavelisi beenqanawa zoxinzelelo abavavanya ababoneleli abatsha, baqale ngomyalelo wovavanyo oluncinci, babeke izinto ezifunyenweyo kuvavanyo lokuqinisekiswa oluzimeleyo, kwaye bahlole amaxwebhu e-MTC kakuhle ngaphambi kokuba bazibophelele kwinani elikhulu lokuthengwa. Le ndlela icwangcisiweyo yokufaneleka komthengisi ikhusela umenzi kunye nabasebenzisi bokugqibela abaxhomekeke kukuthembeka kwazo zonke iinqanawa zoxinzelelo ezifakelwe inkonzo.